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Structural bugs may be due to wrong declaration or when same contents are interpreted by multiple structures differently (different mapping). Attributes Bugs § § Severity & subtlety increases from contents to attributes as they get less formal. Structure Ø Attributes: Semantics associated with the contents (e. Contents Ø Structure: Size, shape & alignment of data object in memory. Contents, Structure & Attributes related Bugs Ø Contents: are pure bit pattern & bugs are due to misinterpretation or corruption of it. Testing Techniques § Functional test techniques - transaction flow testing, syntax testing, domain testing, logic testing, and state testing - can eliminate requirements & specifications bugs. Simple ambiguities & contradictions may only be removed, leaving tougher bugs. § Long-term support: § Even with a great specification language, problem is not eliminated, but is shifted to a higher level. Explicitly state & test important combinations Remedies § § Use high level formal specification languages to eliminate human-to-human communication It’s only a short term support & not a long term solution § Short-term Support: § Specification languages formalize requirements & so automatic test generation is possible. Ø Examples: call forwarding & call waiting. The earlier removed the better as these are costly if detected at the end. Feature Interaction Bugs Ø Arise due to unpredictable interactions between feature groups or individual features. and remedies 1) Requirements, Features, Functionality Bugs III. Calculate the importance of a bug type as: ∑ C Importance of bug type j = j k P j k where, all k C j k = cost due to bug type j causing nightmare k P j k = probability of bug type j causing nightmare k ( Cost due to all bug types = all k all j ∑ ∑ C jk P jk ) STM-boris beizer 43 Order the causative bugs by decreasing probability (judged by intuition, experience, statistics etc. Based on experience, measured data, intuition, and published statistics postulate the kind of bugs causing each symptom. Discard those with which you can live with. Order these from the costliest to the cheapest. (but if the scope extends to the public, there could be the cost of lawsuits, lost business, nuclear reactor meltdowns. List all nightmares in terms of the symptoms & reactions of the user to their consequences. STM-boris beizer 22Ĭonsequences of Bugs Consequences contd … When to stop Testing 1. ) So: q Optimize the size & balance internal & interface complexity to increase efficiency q Optimize the test design by setting the scopes of tests & group of tests (modules) to minimize cost of test design, debugging, execution & organizing – without compromising effectiveness. It may have to be broken down to implementation level. (Design may not be enough to understand implement. Implies more rework and hence less efficiency with microscopic test cases 4 Easier to design large modules & smaller interfaces at a higher level. More # of test cases implies higher possibility of bugs in test cases. 3 Microscopic test cases need individual setups with data, systems & the software.
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Implies more number of components & hence more # of interfaces increase complexity & reduce efficiency (=> more bugs likely) 2 Small components/modules are repeatable Higher efficiency at module level, when a bug occurs with small independently with less rework (to check if a bug is fixed). STM-boris beizer 20ĭichotomies # Modularity Efficiency 1 Smaller the component easier to understand. Tester needs to suspicious, uncompromising, hostile and obsessed with destroying program. 3 Tries to do the job in simplest & cleanest way, trying to reduce the complexity. Tests designed by independent testers are bias-free. With knowledge about internal test design, the tester can eliminate useless tests, optimize & do an efficient test design. # Programmer / Designer Tester 1 Tests designed by designers are more oriented towards structural testing and are limited to its limitations. ü The extent to which test designer & programmer are separated or linked depends on testing level and the context. ü Tests are more efficient if the designer, programmer & tester are independent in all of unit, unit integration, component integration, system, formal system feature testing. ü Artistry of testing is to balance knowledge of design and its biases against ignorance & inefficiencies. Designer vs Tester ü Completely separated in black box testing.